if虚拟语气：考研英语：虚拟语气知多少

　　肖方方-英语教研室

　　虚拟语气英语阅读理解、完形填空和翻译一个很常见的语法现象。但是其形式多，很多考生在判断辨识上有一定难度。那下面跨考教育肖方方老师就此考点带领大家一起学习一下。虚拟语气的考点一般在考研中有四大类：if 引导的从句类;从句中(should)do 句型;特殊句型类以及单用句型类。我们今天先学习第一类别。

　　我们知道由if 引导的条件句有两种形式，一种是真实的条件句，也就说是某事很可能发生，条件是可能存在的，主句中某种情况发生的概率也是很高的。例如If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems.(2002。Text1 )(如果你想在谈话中用幽默来使人发笑，你就必须知道如何识别共同的经历和共同的问题。)

　　另一种就非真实条件句，通过虚拟语气来表达。例如I would have arrived much earlier if I had not been caught in the traffic.(要不是交通堵塞，我本会来得早一些。)在这句话中，假设“不堵塞”，但是真实情况并不是这样，所以用虚拟语气。一般有6种常见的形式：

　　1)与现在事实相反的非真实条件句，从句中用一般过去时，主句中用would/could/ should 加动词原形，be 动词的过去式为were.

　　If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.(2007,text 1 )(查看为世界杯和专业队输送人才的欧洲国家青年队，你会发现这一奇怪的现象更加明显。)

　　2)与过去事实相反的非真实条件句，从句用过去完成时，主句用would/could/should +have done .

　　If he had played last season,however,he would have been one of 42. (2008 text3 )(如果他打了上个赛季，他将只是42个(最高的人)中的一个)

　　3)与将来事实相反的非真实条件句，从句用should do 或 were to do 结构，主句中用 would /could/should 加动词原形。

　　If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.(2007 text 1)(如果查看2006年世界杯联赛每个足球运动员的出生证，你很可能发笑一个值得注意的奇怪现象：好的足球运动员都在一年的头几个月而不是后几个月出生。)

　　4)混合时态的虚拟

　　指的是主句和从句分别表示两个时态，动词形式依照上述三种形式进行相应的变化。

　　If he had put all the important files in the safe yesterday, his boss wouldn’t be scolding him so angrily now.(如果昨天他把所有重要文件都放在保险箱中，他的老板现在也不会这个严厉的说他。)

　　5)省if 将从句中的系动词或助动词提前到主语之前，变成倒装句，考生对这种形式应该理解和掌握。

　　Had it not for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.(1998 )(如果不是群众投资，我们的公司不会像现在这么兴旺。)

　　6)用介词或连词表示虚拟.比如with,without, under…condition, but for .

　　And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.(2005 text 1 )(如果一只猴子甚至没有用石块就能得到葡萄，另一只猴子就会向研究人员扔石头，或者把石头扔出房间，或者拒绝接受一片黄瓜。)

　　这是比较常规和比较容易辨识的虚拟语气，希望同学们多加练习。肖方方老师也希望广大的考生在复习的过程中把遇到的所有长难句都进行汇总到一个笔记本上，积累自己的薄弱点，才能针对性提高。